math
Thomas Bayes, An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances (1763)- Published after he died, by Richard Price. How to update a belief. worked example.
Wikipedia Joseph Fourier, Théorie analytique de la chaleur (1822)- Any reasonable signal is a sum of sines. more.
Wikipedia Claude Shannon, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" (1949)- Perfect secrecy, and the one-time pad. more.
Wikipedia Plimpton 322 (around 1800 BC)- A Babylonian table of Pythagorean triples, in base 60. more.
Wikipedia The Antikythera mechanism (2nd century BC)- A geared bronze calculator, the oldest known analogue computer. more.
Wikipedia
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